{"id":7235,"date":"2024-04-24T18:12:43","date_gmt":"2024-04-24T15:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physics.duth.gr\/?p=7235"},"modified":"2024-04-24T18:12:44","modified_gmt":"2024-04-24T15:12:44","slug":"%ce%ba%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%84%ce%ae%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%b5%cf%82-%ce%b5%ce%be%ce%b5%cf%84%ce%ac%cf%83%ce%b5%ce%b9%cf%82-%cf%84%ce%bc%ce%ae%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%82-%cf%86%cf%85-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/physics.duth.gr\/?p=7235","title":{"rendered":"\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0393\u0395\u039d\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u03a6\u03a5\u03a3\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0399<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u039f\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae. \u0393\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03ae \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae. \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2. \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae: \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 &amp; \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u2013 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd &#8211; \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. 1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u2013 \u0395\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2: 1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2,&nbsp;Halliday&nbsp;David,&nbsp;Resnick&nbsp;Robert,&nbsp;Walker&nbsp;Jearl, \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u039a\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1), \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391., \u039a\u03bf\u03ad\u03bd \u03a3., \u03a3\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0., \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0., \u03a3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395. (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1), \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03c4\u03b6\u03ae\u03c2 \u0393. (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2), 2012,&nbsp;Gutenberg,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-01-1493-5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2: \u0391 \u03a4\u039f\u039c\u039f\u03a3,&nbsp;Young&nbsp;H.,&nbsp;Freedman&nbsp;R., 2019, \u0395\u039a\u0394\u039f\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3 \u03a0\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u0396\u0397\u03a3\u0397,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-02-3535-7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391,&nbsp;Giancoli, 2011, \u03a4\u0396\u0399\u039f\u039b\u0391,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-418-342-5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u0394\u03b1\u03c5\u0390\u03b4 \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u039c\u03c5\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c2 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03c2, 2019, \u03a4\u0396\u0399\u039f\u039b\u0391,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-418-837-6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0393\u0395\u039d\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u03a6\u03a5\u03a3\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0399\u0399<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf, \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;Coulomb, \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;Gauss, \u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;Ampe\u0301re, \u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae, \u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;Faraday, \u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;Lenz, \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 . \u039a\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1&nbsp;R-L,&nbsp;R-C,&nbsp;R-L-C, \u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5&nbsp;Kirchhoff, \u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03a1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1, \u0399\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u0394\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, \u039c\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7, \u0399\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03a1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2: 2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, Halliday David, Resnick Robert, Walker Jearl, \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u039a\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1), \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391., \u039a\u03bf\u03ad\u03bd \u03a3., \u03a3\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0., \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0., \u03a3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395. (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1), \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03c4\u03b6\u03ae\u03c2 \u0393. (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2), 2013, Gutenberg, ISBN: 978-960-01-1594-9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2: \u0392 \u03a4\u039f\u039c\u039f\u03a3,&nbsp;Young&nbsp;H.,&nbsp;Freedman&nbsp;R., 2019, \u0395\u039a\u0394\u039f\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3 \u03a0\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u0396\u0397\u03a3\u0397,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-02-3536-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392,&nbsp;Giancoli, 2011, \u03a4\u0396\u0399\u039f\u039b\u0391,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-418-376-0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0394\u0399\u0391\u03a6\u039f\u03a1\u0399\u039a\u039f\u03a3 \u039b\u039f\u0393\u0399\u03a3\u039c\u039f\u03a3 \u0399<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>\u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1&nbsp;&nbsp;\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2. \u038c\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0391\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1&nbsp;Taylor. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2&nbsp;Leibniz. \u0391\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2&nbsp;Lagrange<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>THOMAS \u0391\u03a0\u0395\u0399\u03a1\u039f\u03a3\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u039f\u03a3 \u039b\u039f\u0393\u0399\u03a3\u039c\u039f\u03a3, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, George B. Thomas, Jr., Joel Hass, Christopher Heil, Maurice D. Weir, 2018,&nbsp;\u0399\u03a4\u0395-\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u0395\u03a0\u0399\u03a3\u03a4\u0397\u039c\u0399\u0391\u039a\u0395\u03a3&nbsp;\u0395\u039a\u0394\u039f\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3&nbsp;\u039a\u03a1\u0397\u03a4\u0397\u03a3, ISBN: 978-960-524-515-3&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u039c\u03a9\u03a5\u03a3\u0399\u0391\u0394\u0397\u03a3 \u03a7\u03a1\u039f\u039d\u0397\u03a3, 2016, \u0391\u03c6\u03bf\u03af \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u0395\u039a\u0394\u039f\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3 \u0391\u0395,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-602-116-9&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039b\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03a4\u0395\u03a1\u0396\u0399\u0394\u0397\u03a3 \u03a7\u0391\u03a1\u0391\u039b\u0391\u039c\u03a0\u039f\u03a3, 2016, \u0391\u03c6\u03bf\u03af \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u0395\u039a\u0394\u039f\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3 \u0391\u0395,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-602-079-7&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1,&nbsp;Murray&nbsp;R.&nbsp;Spiegel, 1982, \u0395\u03a3\u03a0\u0399 \u0395\u039a\u0394\u039f\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u0397\u0395.\u03a0.\u0395.,&nbsp;ISBN: 978-960-7610-20-1&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 15 \u039d\u03bf\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2024.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd 3, 4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 5 \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2024.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2: \u0393\u0395\u039d\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u03a6\u03a5\u03a3\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0399 \u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7: \u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u039f\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae. \u0393\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03ae \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae. \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2. \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 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